Gawande explains a helpful framework developed by professors Brenda Zimmerman and Sholom Glouberman that defines three types of problems:
- Simple problems like baking a cake from a box mix. These can be solved by following a straightforward, standard recipe. Success is almost guaranteed if you precisely follow the instructions. No special expertise is required and results are easily replicated.
- Complicated problems like sending a rocket to the moon. These consist of many simple problems that must be coordinated correctly. They require teams of experts in different domains and precise timing. Unanticipated difficulties commonly arise. But with enough planning, a complicated problem can usually be solved reliably.
- Complex problems like raising a child. A complex problem involves many factors that interact with each other in unpredictable, ever-changing ways. What works in one case often doesn't apply to the next. Deep expertise helps but only to a limited extent, because each situation is unique and outcomes are uncertain.
Section: 1, Chapter: 3
Gawande traces the origin of checklists in aviation to the iconic B-17 bomber of World War 2. The B-17 was the most complex and sophisticated plane ever built at the time, but this complexity proved overwhelming.
Instead of scrapping the design, pilots implemented a simple approach - a short checklist of step-by-step critical tasks for takeoff, flight, landing and taxiing. With checklists in hand, pilots went on to fly 1.8 million miles without a serious mishap, a stunning turnaround for such a complex machine.
The checklists ensured pilots didn't miss any crucial steps amid the B-17's complexity. This story demonstrates the power of using disciplined, systematic tools to enhance individual ability and achieve consistent success in complex situations.
Section: 1, Chapter: 2